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This was a prospectively designed ancillary study to various previously described single-center studies performed in adults and children with known or suspected nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Demographics were summarized descriptively. Individual patient measurements were plotted for qualitative assessment. A significance level of 0. Forty-seven patients 20 female, 27 male including 12 adults median: 55 years old and 35 children median: 12 years old. No qualitative relationship was observed between PDFF measurements among the various methods.
This method is commonly used in the liver to assess hepatic steatosis and has high correlation with magnetic resonance spectroscopy MRS , the reference standard for PDFF estimation [ 4 — 6 ]. The spleen generally has no detectable fat histologically except in very rare situations [ 7 ]. For this reason, it is sometimes used as a reference standard for calibration [ 1 ] and qualitatively as a comparison organ during subjective assessment of liver fat by radiologists [ 8 ].
The nature of these unexpectedly high PDFF measurements in the spleen is not well understood but may be artifactual. If so, it is possible that PDFF measurements of similar magnitude in other human tissues such as liver also may be artifactual. This was a prospectively designed ancillary study to various previously described single-center studies performed in adults and children with known or suspected nonalcoholic fatty liver disease NAFLD references blinded during submission. The parent studies included two randomized clinical trials assessing pharmacologic intervention in hepatic steatosis[ 11 , 12 ], a study designed to screen for NAFLD in high-risk patients[ 13 ], a study which assessed gut microbiome signatures to predict hepatic fibrosis[ 14 ], and a study of MR elastography in pediatric NAFLD.
A dielectric pad was placed between the coil and the abdomen. A rectangular field of view was adjusted depending on body habitus and breath-hold capacity. The Hi-SNR methods obtained larger voxels by decreasing the matrix size, avoiding parallel imaging, and for MRI-C, by also decreasing the receiver bandwidth.